Antimicrobial activity of Er, Cr: YSGG and Ultrasonic on E. faecalisbiofilm in the mesial root canal systems of lower molars / Atividade antimicrobiana de Er, Cr: YSGG e Ultrassônico no biofilme de E. faecalis nos sistemas de canais radiculares mesiais de molares inferiores

The internal topography of the root canal is complex, especially for the permanent molar's mesial root. In response to such issues, improved irrigation techniques have been created, which use laser pulses to agitate fluids and improve microbial deposit removal. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2,780 nm via photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) protocol which agitated of 2% chlorohexidine (CHX) in removing mature Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm in root canal systems of lower molars. Material and Methods: The mesial roots of lower first and second molars were separated and inoculated with E. faecalis bacterial suspension for 30 days. The roots were irrigated with CHX, some of them were agitated with a passive ultrasonic device (PUI), while the other roots were agitated by an Er,Cr:YSGG laser in PIPS at 60 µs/pulse, 5 Hz, (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1) W. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used as a new method to get the results in the isthmus area; the obtained results from each group were compared with each other. Results: Based on the AFM and SEM analyses, laser and ultrasonic activation groups showed higher antimicrobial efficacy than the conventional syringe irrigation group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the investigation's findings, the activation of 2% CHX solution by Er,Cr:YSGG laser in PIPS and PUI offers better mature bacterial biofilm removal in the mesial root of lower human molars than the same irrigant with the SI technique (AU)

A topografia interna do canal radicular é complexa, especialmente para a raiz mesial do molar permanente. Em resposta a esses problemas, foram criadas técnicas aprimoradas de irrigação, que utilizam pulsos de laser para agitar fluidos e melhorar a remoção de depósitos microbianos. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do laser Er,Cr:YSGG com comprimento de onda de 2.780 nm via protocolo de streaming fotoacústico induzido por fótons (PIPS) que agitou clorohexidina a 2% (CHX) na remoção de Enterococcus faecalis maduro (E. faecalis) biofilme em sistemas de canais radiculares de molares inferiores. Material e Métodos: As raízes mesiais de 28 primeiros e segundos molares inferiores foram separadas e inoculadas com suspensão bacteriana de E. faecalis por 30 dias. As raízes foram irrigadas com CHX, sendo algumas delas agitadas com aparelho ultrassônico passivo (PUI), enquanto as demais raízes foram agitadas com laser Er,Cr:YSGG em PIPS a 60 µs/pulso, 5 Hz (0,25, 0,5, 0,75 e 1) W. Um microscópio de força atômica (AFM) foi utilizado como um novo método para obter os resultados na área do istmo; os resultados obtidos de cada grupo foram comparados entre si. Resultados: Com base nas análises de AFM e SEM, os grupos de ativação por laser e ultrassom apresentaram maior eficácia antimicrobiana do que o grupo de irrigação com seringa convencional (P<0.05). Conclusão: Com base nos achados da investigação, a ativação da solução de CHX a 2% pelo laser Er,Cr:YSGG em PIPS a (60 µs/pulso, 5 Hz, 0,75 W) oferece melhor remoção de biofilme (AU)

Physical-chemical influences and cell behavior of natural compounds on titanium dental surfaces

Abstract The present study evaluated the influence of carvacrol, terpinene-4-ol, and chlorhexidine on the physical-chemical properties of titanium surfaces, cell viability, proliferation, adhesion, and spreading of fibroblasts and osteoblasts in vitro. Titanium surfaces (Ti) were treated with Carvacrol (Cvc), Terpinen-4-ol (T4ol), Chlorhexidine (CHX), DMSO, and ultrapure water (Control group). Physical-chemical modifications were evaluated by surface wettability, the surface free energy (SFE) calculated from the contact angle values using the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaeble (OWRK) equation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry probe (EDS) system. Cells were seeded onto Ti-treated surfaces and incubated for 24 h and 72 h, then evaluated by Alamar blue assay and fluorescence microscopy. Surfaces treated with Cvc and T4ol showed the presence of Na, O, and Cl. All surfaces showed hydrophilic characteristics and SFE values between 5.5 mN/m and 3.4 mN/m. On the other hand, EDS peaks demonstrated the presence of O and Cl after CHX treatment. A reduction of cell viability and adhesion was noted on titanium surfaces treated with CHX after 24 and 72h. In conclusion, the results indicate that the decontamination with Cvc and T4ol on Ti surfaces does not alter the surface proprieties and allows an adequate interaction with cells involved in the re-osseointegration process such as fibroblasts and osteoblasts.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou a influência do carvacrol, terpineno-4-ol e clorexidina nas propriedades físico-químicas de superfícies de titânio, viabilidade celular, proliferação, adesão e esplhamento de fibroblastos e osteoblastos in vitro. Superfícies de titânio (Ti) foram tratadas com Carvacrol (Cvc), Terpinen-4-ol (T4ol), Clorexidina (CHX), DMSO e água ultrapura (Grupo Controle). As modificações físico-químicas foram avaliadas pela molhabilidade da superfície, a energia livre de superfície (ELS) calculada a partir dos valores do ângulo de contato usando a equação de Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaeble (OWRK), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de raios X por energia dispersiva (EDS). As células foram semeadas em superfícies tratadas com Ti e incubadas por 24 h e 72 h, e avaliadas pelo ensaio Alamar blue e microscopia de fluorescência. As superfícies tratadas com Cvc e T4ol mostraram a presença de Na, O e Cl. Todas as superfícies apresentaram características hidrofílicas e valores de ELS entre 5,5 mN/m e 3,4 mN/m. Por outro lado, os picos de EDS demonstraram a presença de O e Cl após o tratamento com CHX. Uma redução da viabilidade celular e adesão foi observada em superfícies de titânio tratadas com CHX após 24 e 72h. Em conclusão, os resultados indicam que a descontaminação com Cvc e T4ol em superfícies de Ti não altera as propriedades da superfície e permite uma interação adequada com células envolvidas no processo de reosseointegração como fibroblastos e osteoblastos.

Mecanismos preventivos de la degradación de la capa híbrida / Preventive mechanisms of the degradation of the hybrid layer

Uno de los mayores retos de la odontología actual es lograr una adhesión duradera y estable entre los materiales de restauración y los tejidos dentales. Los protocolos adhesivos han ido cambiando a lo largo del tiempo para cumplir con dicho objetivo, tratando de mantener la integridad de la capa hibrida, por lo que se revisaron los factores que provocan la degradación de la capa hibrida y los mecanismos propuestos para prevenir esta degradación. Se realizó una investigación y recopilación de información bibliográfica especializadas en el tema, en buscadores científicos como PubMed, Scielo, Redalyc, Medigraphic y Scopus. Para los criterios de inclusión se consideraron años de publicación entre el año 2002 al 2022, enfocados en trabajos de investigación relacionados con la degradación de la interfaz de unión resina-dentina y mecanismos para prevenir esta degradación en la capa híbrida. El mecanismo mas estudiado a corto y largo plazo es la aplicación de clorhexidina, la cual se utiliza después del ácido fosfórico y antes del adhesivo, inhibe la actividad proteolítica de las metaloproteinasas de la matriz (MMPs) y retarda la degradación de las fibras colágenas, consiguiendo de esta manera una mayor vida de las restauraciones adhesivas.

One of the biggest challenges in dentistry is to achieve a long-lasting and stable bond between restorative materials and dental tissues. The adhesive protocols have been changing over time to meet this objective, trying to maintain the integrity of the hybrid layer, so the factors that cause the degradation of the hybrid layer and the mechanisms proposed to prevent this degradation were reviewed. An investigation and compilation of specialized bibliographic information on the subject was carried out, in scientific search engines such as PubMed, Scielo, Redalyc, Medigraphic, Scopus, among others, as well as books. For the inclusion criteria, years of publication between 2002 and 2022 were considered, focused on research works related to the degradation of the resin-dentin bonding interface and mechanisms to prevent this degradation in the hybrid layer. The placement of CHX is used after the application of phosphoric acid and before the adhesive, it inhibits the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the degradation of collagen fibers, thus achieving a longer life of resin dental restorations.

Irrigants and irrigation activation systems in Endodontics

Abstract Root canal infections are typically polymicrobial and involve strong bacterial interactions. The goal of endodontic treatment is to remove infected content from the root canal system to allow the healing of a pre-existing periapical lesion or to prevent infection of the periradicular tissues. Instrumentation alone is not capable of touching all of the root canal walls. Therefore, the irrigation process is an essential step in the endodontic treatment. However, due to the complex anatomy of the root canal system, this cleaning is very challenging. Although syringe and needle irrigation associated with the use of chemical substances is still the most used method, it does not guarantee optimal cleaning of the root canals. As a result, not only alternative irrigating substances but also numerous activation systems - which are technologies that aim to optimize the action of irrigating substances, both chemically and physically - have been developed. This work aimed to review the characteristics of both classic and current alternatives of irrigating substances and irrigation activation systems.

Resumo As infecções dos canais radiculares são tipicamente polimicrobianas e envolvem fortes interações bacterianas. O objetivo do tratamento endodôntico é remover o conteúdo infeccioso do sistema de canais radiculares, a fim de permitir a cicatrização de uma lesão periapical pré-existente ou prevenir a infecção dos tecidos perirradiculares. A instrumentação por si só não é capaz de tocar todas as paredes dos canais radiculares, desta forma a irrigação é uma etapa essencial no tratamento endodôntico. No entanto, devido à complexa anatomia do sistema de canais radiculares, essa limpeza é muito desafiadora. Embora a irrigação convencional com seringa e agulha, fazendo o uso de substâncias auxiliares seja o método mais utilizado, ela não garante a limpeza ideal dos canais radiculares. Como resultado, foram desenvolvidos inúmeros sistemas de ativação que visam otimizar a ação das substâncias irrigadoras, tanto química quanto fisicamente. O objetivo deste artigo foi revisar as características das substâncias irrigadoras (clássicas e alternativas) e dos sistemas de ativação destas substâncias.

Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Black Tea Extract Mouthrinse and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Load

Background- Dental caries is one of the most frequent oral health problems. The present study shows the antibacterial effect of black tea extract on salivary Sterptococcus Mutans load. Materials & Methods- The study was conducted on 125 individuals. The differences in the Colony Forming Units and count-scores of S.mutans were analyzed in salivary samples collected from individuals before and after administration of 2% black tea extract mouth-rinse and chlorhexidine mouthwash(CM). Results- There was a statistical difference in mean salivary S. mutans colony count and mean count- score before and after administration of black tea extract mouth-rinse (p = 0.0003) and chlorhexidine mouthwash (p = 0.0002) respectively. Hence, it was found that there is no statistically significant difference in the fall of S.mutans load due to black tea mouth-rinse and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Conclusions- A 2% black tea extract mouth-rinse significantly reduces salivary S.mutans load, irrespective of age and gender. Also, it is an effective natural anti-cariogenic agent with no known implicated side effects.

Efecto antibacteriano del extracto hidroalcohólico de Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal (cocona) sobre Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: La búsqueda de nuevos extractos de origen vegetal con propiedades antibacterianas para mantener la salud bucal, es fundamental para el óptimo desempeño del personal militar. Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto antibacteriano del extracto hidroalcohólico de Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal (cocona) sobre Streptococcus mutans. Métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro y comparativo. Se realizó un ensayo fitoquímico preliminar del extracto hidroalcohólico de Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal. Se emplearon 48 placas de agar Müller-Hinton (Merck®), distribuidas en 6 grupos (n= 8): grupo I (agua destilada), grupo II (etanol al 70 %), grupo III (clorhexidina al 0,12 %), grupo IV (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 25 %), grupo V (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 50 %) y grupo VI (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 75 %). Se utilizó la técnica de difusión con discos descrita por Bauer y Kirby; la cepa empleada fue Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 y las mediciones de los halos de inhibición se realizaron a las 24 horas, para determinar la actividad antibacteriana. Resultados: En el ensayo fitoquímico se detectaron compuestos fenólicos, antocianinas, quinonas y glicósidos cardiotónicos. Se comprobó el efecto antibacteriano del grupo VI (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 75 %) con 19,831 ± 0,0553 mm (99,37 %), comparable con el de clorhexidina al 0,12 % (grupo III) 19,956 ± 0,0431 mm (100 %) sobre Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Conclusiones: El extracto hidroalcohólico de Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 75 % presenta efecto antibacteriano in vitro sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 con valores similares a clorhexidina al 0,12 % .

Introduction: The search for new extracts of plant origin with antibacterial properties to maintain oral health is essential for the optimal performance of military personnel. Objectives: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal (cocona) on Streptococcus mutans. Methods: In vitro and comparative experimental study. A preliminary phytochemical assay of the hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal was performed. Forty-eight Müller-Hinton agar plates (Merck®) were used, distributed in 6 groups (n= 8). Group I (distilled water), group II (70% ethanol), group III (0.12% chlorhexidine), group IV (25% Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal), group V (50% Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) and group VI (75% Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal); the disc diffusion technique described by Bauer and Kirby was used; the strain used was Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and the inhibition halos were measured at 24 hours to determine the antibacterial activity. Results: Phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, quinones and cardiotonic glycosides were detected in the phytochemical assay. The antibacterial effect of group VI (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal 75%) was proven with 19,831 ± 0,0553 mm (99,37%), comparable to that of 0,12% chlorhexidine (group III) 19,956 ± 0,0431 mm (100%) on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Conclusions: The 75% hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal shows in vitro antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 strains with values similar to 0,12% chlorhexidine.

Protocolos de higiene oral e a prevenção à pneumonia aspirativa por ventilação mecânica / Oral hygiene protocols and prevention of aspiration pneumonia by mechanical ventilation / Protocolos de higiene bucal y prevención de la neumonía por aspiración mediante ventilación mecánica

Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a literatura sobre a eficiência dos protocolos de higienização oral que utilizaram digluconato de clorexidina como agente antimicrobiano de escolha em pacientes internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Métodos: Para o levantamento dos protocolos, foram analisadas as plataformas de dados científicos Scientific Electronic Library Online e National Library of Medicine, utilizando descritores específicos em português e em inglês, respectivamente. Resultados: Dos 59 trabalhos inicialmente analisados, 27 artigos foram lidos na íntegra e seis destes foram selecionados para o estudo. Os estudos utilizaram digluconato de clorexidina em concentrações variando de 0,05% a 2%. Os dispositivos utilizados para higiene oral variaram entre escovas de dentes, cotonete e gaze. A frequência de higienização apresentou variação, sendo realizada duas ou três vezes ao dia. Conclusão: Devido à heterogeneidade dos protocolos de higiene oral utilizando digluconato de clorexidina em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, apresentados na literatura, não foi possível compará-los em relação à sua eficiência na redução da pneumonia aspirativa por ventilação mecânica. (AU)

Objective: This study aimed to review the literature on the efficiency of oral hygiene protocols that used chlorhexidine digluconate as an antimicrobial agent in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units. Methods: To research the protocols, the scientific data platforms Scientific Electronic Library Online and National Library of Medicine were analyzed, using specific descriptors in Portuguese and in English, respectively. Results: Of the 59 studies initially analyzed, 27 articles were read in full and six of these were selected for the study. The studies used chlorhexidine digluconate in different concentrations, 0.05% to 2%. The devices used for oral hygiene varied between toothbrushes, cotton swabs, and gauze. The frequency varied, being performed two or three times a day. Conclusion: Due to the heterogeneity of oral hygiene protocols using chlorhexidine digluconate in Intesive Care Units, presented in the literature, it was not possible to compare them in relation to their efficiency in ventilator-associated pneumonia reduction. (AU)

Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura sobre la eficacia de los protocolos de higiene bucal que utilizan digluconato de clorhexidina como agente antimicrobiano en pacientes ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Para investigar los protocolos, se analizaron las plataformas de datos científicos Scientific Electronic Library Online y National Library of Medicine, utilizando descriptores específicos en portugués y en inglés, respectivamente. Resultados: De los 59 estudios inicialmente analizados, se leyeron 27 artículos en su totalidad y seis de estos fueron seleccionados para el estudio. Los estudios utilizaron digluconato de clorhexidina en concentraciones que van desde 0.05% a 2%. Los dispositivos utilizados para la higiene bucal variaron entre cepillos de dientes, hisopos de algodón y gasas. La frecuencia de la limpieza varió, realizándose dos o tres veces al día. Conclusión: Debido a la heterogeneidad de los protocolos de higiene oral que utilizan el digluconato de clorhexidina en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, presentados en la literatura, no fue posible compararlos en relación con su eficiência en la reducción de la neumonía asociada al ventilador. (AU)

Efecto del pretratamiento con clorhexidina en la resistencia de unión a dentina desmineralizada

Objetivo: Analizar la resistencia de unión a dentina sana y desmineralizada, en forma inmediata y a los 6 meses, utilizando un pretratamiento de clorhexidina (CHX) 2%. Método: 40 terceros molares sanos con desarrollo radicular incompleto se desgastaron exponiendo dentina. Las piezas fueron sometidas a ciclado de pH. Se dividieron aleatoriamente en 2 grupos: con y sin CHX. En dentina se crearon 4 botones de resina utilizando adhesivo universal mediante autoacondicionamiento. Las muestras se almacenaron en agua destilada a 37ºC hasta su análisis. El microcizallamiento se ejecutó a las 24 horas y a los 6 meses de envejecimiento. Resultados: El grupo de dentina sana, sin CHX inmediato presentó mayor resistencia adhesiva (23,37±1,84). El grupo de dentina desmineralizada, sin CHX, envejecido presentó la menor resistencia adhesiva (8,87±1,51). Conclusiones: La CHX al 2% previo a la aplicación del adhesivo no mejora los valores de resistencia de unión a dentina sana ni desmineralizada a corto o largo plazo.

Objetivo: Analisar a resistência de união à dentina hígida e desmineralizada, imediatamente e após 6 meses, utilizando um pré-tratamento com (CHX) a 2%. Método: 40 terceiros molares hígidos com desenvolvimento radicular incompleto foram desgastados expondo a dentina. As peças foram submetidas a ciclagem de pH. Eles foram divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: com e sem CHX. Em dentina, foram criados 4 botões de resina utilizando adesivo universal em modo autocondicionante. As amostras foram armazenadas em água destilada a 37ºC até a análise. O microcisalhamento foi realizado às 24 horas e aos 6 meses de envelhecimento. Resultados: O grupo de dentina saudável, sem CHX imediata apresentou maior resistência adesiva (23,37±1,84). O grupo de dentina desmineralizada, sem CHX , envelhecida apresentou a menor resistência adesiva (8,87±1,51). Conclusões : A CHX antes da aplicação do adesivo não melhoraria os valores de resistência de união em dentina saudável ou desmineralizada a curto ou longo prazo.

Objective: To analyze the bond strength to healthy and demineralized dentin, immediately and after 6 months, using a 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) pretreatment. Method : 40 healthy third molars with incomplete root development were abraded exposing dentin. The pieces were subjected to pH cycling. They were randomly divided into 2 groups: with and without CHX. In dentin, 4 resin buttons were created using universal adhesive in self-etching mode. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37ºC until analysis. Micro shearing was carried out at 24 hours and at 6 months of aging. Results: Healthy dentin group, without immediate CHX presented higher bond strength (23.37±1.84). (Demineralized dentin group, without CHX, aged) presented the lowest bond strength (8.87±1.51). Conclusions : CHX prior to adhesive application doesn't improve bond strength values to healthy or demineralized dentin in short nor long term.

Wound healing effect of a one-week Aloe Vera mouthwash: a pilot study / Efeito de reparação tecidual de uma semana de enxaguante bucal de Aloe Vera: um estudo piloto

Aloe Vera, a perennial Liliaceae plant, has medical, cosmetic, and wound-healing properties. Aloe vera has antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and regenerative effects. Glucommannan increases collagen synthesis and aids healing after ginivectomy treatment. Natural mouthwashes may offer gingival wound healing efficacy with reduced side-effects when compared to Chlorhexidine. Objective: the objective of this clinical study was to compare the effects on wound healing of a one-week Aloe vera mouthwash with chlorhexidine mouthwash before gingivectomy surgical therapy. Material and Methods:a total of 45 individuals experiencing inflammatory gingival enlargement were included in the study. They underwent professional mechanical plaque removal and were then randomly divided into three groups. In group I, comprising 15 patients, participants were advised to utilize 100% Aloe vera juice as a mouthwash twice daily. Group II, also consisting of 15 patients, was instructed to use Chlorhexidine (0.2%) mouthwash twice daily. The Control group, which consisted of 15 patients, was recommended to use a placebo mouth rinse in addition to mechanical plaque removal. During the second visit, which occurred one week after the initial visit, the enlarged gingival tissue was surgically removed through scalpel gingivectomy. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed on the excised tissue to measure the l evels of fibroblast growth factor-2. Results: when compared to the control group, Aloe vera showed significant differences regarding the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2(FGF-2), and highly significant differences in angiogenesis. At the same time, there were substantial differences in angiogenesis w ith no significant differences in the expression of FGF2 between Chlorhexidine and control groups. Conclusion: aloe vera has exhibited potential wound-healing effects as i t s ignificantly affected the IHC expression of FGF2 and angiogenesis when used as an adjunct to plaque control before gingivectomy surgical therapy (AU)

Aloe Vera, uma planta perene de Liliaceae, tem propriedades médicas, cosméticas e cicatrizantes. Aloe vera tem efeitos antioxidantes, anticancerígenos, antidiabéticos e regenerativos. O glucomanano aumenta a síntese de colágeno e auxilia na cicatrização a pós o tratamento de gengivectomia. Enxaguatórios bucais naturais podem oferecer efi cácia na reparação de feridas gengivais com efeitos colaterais reduzidos quando comparados à clorexidina. Objetivo:O objetivo deste estudo clínico foi comparar os efeitos na cicatrização de feridas de uma semana de enxaguatório bucal de Aloe vera com clorexidina antes da terapia cirúrgica de gengivectomia. Material e Métodos: um total de 45 indivíduos com aumento gengival inflamatório foram incluídos no estudo. Eles foram submetidos à remoção mecânica profissional da placa e foramdivididos aleatoriamente em três grupos. No grupo I, composto por 15 pacientes, os participantes foram orientados a utilizar 100% de suco de Aloe vera como enxaguante bucal duas vezes ao dia. O grupo II, também composto por 15 pacientes, foi instruído a usar enxaguante bucal com clorexidina (0,2%) duas vezes ao dia. O grupo controle, composto por 15 pacientes, foi recomendado o uso de enxaguatório bucal placebo além da remoção mecânica da placa. Durante a segunda visita, que ocorreu uma semana após a visita inicial, o tecido gengival aumentado foi removido cirurgicamente por meio de gengivectomia com bisturi. A análise imuno-histoquímica (IHC) foi realizada no tecido excisado para medir os níveis do fator de crescimento de fibroblastos-2 (FGF-2). Resultados: quando comparado ao grupo controle, o Aloe vera apresentou diferenças significativas em relação àexpressão do FGF-2, e diferenças altamente significativas na angiogênese. Ao mesmo tempo, houve diferenças substanciais na angiogênese, sem diferenças significativas na expressão de FGF-2 entre a clorexidina e os grupos controle. Conclusão: Aloe vera exibiu potenciais efeitos de cicatrização de feridas, pois afetou significativamente a expressão IHC de FGF-2 e a angiogênese quando usada como adjuvante no controle de placa antes da terapia cirúrgica de gengivectomia (AU)

Establishment of a saliva donor selection for in vitro biofilm growth / Seleção de doadores de saliva para crescimento de biofilme in vitro

Introdução: O emprego de biofilmes polimicrobianos, utilizando a saliva como inóculo, é um modelo promissor para o estudo de biofilmes cariogênicos in vitro. Entretanto, ainda não existe uma padronização para seleção de doadores de saliva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer uma metodologia para seleção de doadores de saliva utilizando fatores salivares microbianos e características in vitro do biofilme. Material e método: Para doação de saliva foram selecionados vinte voluntários. Os voluntários permaneceram 24 horas sem escovar os dentes e ficaram em jejum por 2 horas antes da coleta da saliva. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: viabilidade das bactérias anaeróbias totais e mutans streptococci; concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) da clorexidina; capacidade de formação de biofilme por meio da biomassa; e a suscetibilidade dos biofilmes à clorexidina. Resultado: A viabilidade bacteriana da saliva, a capacidade de formação de biofilme e a suscetibilidade do biofilme à clorexidina foram apresentadas como média e intervalo de confiança (95%). A diferença entre a viabilidade do biofilme (mutans streptococci e bactérias totais) após tratamento com NaCl 0,9% e diacetato de clorexidina 0,2% foi comparada pelo teste t de Student com nível de significância estabelecido em 5%. A viabilidade total de bactérias anaeróbias (mediana) foi de 7,28 log 1+UFC/mL (unidades formadoras de colônia/mL). A viabilidade dos mutans streptococci na saliva apresentou mediana de 5,47 log 1+UFC/mL. Para capacidade de formação de biofilme a mediana da biomassa foi de 0,1172 A570. Conclusão: O tratamento com clorexidina reduziu significativamente os mutans streptococci e a viabilidade total das bactérias. A metodologia para seleção do doador de saliva foi estabelecida com sucesso.

Introduction: The utilization of polymicrobial biofilms, with saliva as an inoculum, represents a promising model for in vitro studies on cariogenic biofilms. However, there is still no standardization for selecting saliva donors. Objective: The aim of this study is to establish a methodology for the selection of saliva donors using microbial salivary factors and in vitro biofilm characteristics. Material and method: For saliva donation, twenty volunteers were selected. Volunteers remained 24 h without brushing their teeth and fasted for 2 h before saliva collection. The following parameters were evaluated: total anaerobic bacteria and mutans streptococci viability; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) of chlorhexidine; biofilm forming capacity by biomass assessment; and the susceptibility of biofilms to chlorhexidine. Result: Saliva bacterial viability, biofilm forming capacity and biofilm susceptibility to chlorhexidine were presented as mean and confidence interval (95%). The difference between biofilm (mutans streptococci and Total bacteria) viability after treatment with NaCl 0.9% and 0.2% chlorhexidine diacetate was compared using the Student t-test with a significance level established at 5%. Total anaerobic bacteria viability (median) was 7.28 log 1+CFU/mL (colony forming units/ mL). Mutans streptococci viability in the saliva showed a median of 5.47 log 1+CFU/mL. Biofilm forming capacity showed that biomass had a median of 0.1172 A570. Conclusion: Treatment with chlorhexidine significantly reduced mutans streptococci and total bacteria viability. The methodology for the selection of the saliva donor was successfully established.

Research progress on root canal irrigation disinfection drugs / 口腔疾病防治

@#Endodontic infection control is crucial to successful root canal treatment. Irrigation is the key step in endodontic procedures, and the application of root canal irrigation and disinfection medications play an important role. How to enhance antibacterial effects and functions in removing tissues while maintaining biocompatibility is a hot topic in endodontics. Currently, insights to address this issue can be split into two categories: one, the modification or combination of conventional endodontic irrigation solutions, and two, the development of novel endodontic irrigation solutions with new technologies and materials, for instance, nanomaterials and natural exacts. However, conventional endodontic irrigation solutions, such as sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine, are still the first choice in clinical practice. Most novel endodontic irrigation solutions remain at the pre-clinical laboratory stage. Clinical research and relevant data are required to determine whether various methods can improve endodontic irrigation. From basic research to clinical application is the direction for advancing to the next stage. The present article focuses on research progress on endodontic irrigation, especially concerning its antibacterial mechanism, characteristics and efficacy, to provide a reference for future clinical translation.

Toalhas impregnadas com gluconato de clorexidina na prevenção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico: ensaio clínico randomizado piloto / Toallas impregnadas con gluconato de clorhexidina en la prevención de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico: ensayo clínico aleatorizado piloto / Chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated cloth in prevention surgical site infection: pilot randomized clinical trial

Resumo Objetivo Comparar o uso de toalhas impregnadas com gluconato de clorexidina 2% e gluconato de clorexidina 2% líquida no preparo pré-operatório da pele para prevenir a ocorrência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias eletivas potencialmente contaminadas. Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado, piloto paralelo, simples-cego composto por 48 pacientes submetidos a cirurgias eletivas potencialmente contaminadas que foram aleatoriamente designados para o grupo intervenção (n=25, toalhas impregnadas com gluconato de clorexidina 2%) e grupo controle (n=23, banho pré-operatório com gluconato de clorexidina líquida 2%). O desfecho primário foi infecção do sítio cirúrgico dentro de 30 dias após a cirurgia. Os pacientes foram instruídos a usar os produtos na noite anterior e na manhã da cirurgia e receberam instruções verbais e escritas sobre o uso. Foram utilizados os testes Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, teste T para duas amostras, Pearson X2 e testes exatos de Fisher, risco relativo (RR) e intervalo de confiança de 95%. O nível de significância para todas as variáveis foi estabelecido em α = 5%. Resultados Oito (16,7%) dos 48 pacientes analisados desenvolveram infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos quanto à incidência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico (RR: 0,92; IC 95%: 0,25-3,25; p=0,898), contudo, não houve casos de infecção do sítio cirúrgico incisional superficial no grupo intervenção. Conclusão O uso de toalhas impregnadas com gluconato de clorexidina 2% para preparo pré-operatório da pele não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa na prevenção de infecção do sítio cirúrgico em comparação com o uso de banho pré-operatório com gluconato de clorexidina 2% líquida. Registro brasileiro de ensaios clínicos: RBR-8httxs Registrado em ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03813693

Resumen Objetivo Comparar el uso de toallas impregnadas con gluconato de clorhexidina 2 % y gluconato de clorhexidina 2 % líquida en la preparación preoperatoria para prevenir casos de infección del sitio quirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a cirugías electivas potencialmente contaminadas. Métodos Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, piloto paralelo, simple ciego, compuesto por 48 pacientes sometidos a cirugías electivas potencialmente contaminadas que fueron designados aleatoriamente al grupo experimental (n=25, toallas impregnadas con gluconato de clorhexidina 2 %) y al grupo de control (n=23, baño preoperatorio con gluconato de clorhexidina líquida 2 %). El criterio principal de valoración fue la infección del sitio quirúrgico dentro de los 30 días posteriores a la cirugía. Se instruyó a los pacientes a usar los productos la noche anterior y a la mañana del día de la cirugía y recibieron instrucciones orales y escritas sobre su uso. Se utilizaron las pruebas de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, test-T para dos muestras, χ2 de Pearson y pruebas exactas de Fisher, riesgo relativo (RR) e intervalo de confianza de 95 %. El nivel de significación para todas las variables fue establecido en α = 5 %. Resultados Ocho (16,7 %) de los 48 pacientes analizados presentaron infección del sitio quirúrgico. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos respecto a la incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico (RR: 0,92; IC 95 %: 0,25-3,25; p=0,898). No obstante, no hubo casos de infección del sitio quirúrgico incisional superficial en el grupo experimental. Conclusión El uso de toallas impregnadas con gluconato de clorhexidina 2 % en la preparación preoperatoria de la piel no presentó diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la prevención de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico en comparación con el uso del baño preoperatorio con gluconato de clorhexidina 2 % líquida.

Abstract Objective To compare the use of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated cloth and 2% liquid chlorhexidine gluconate in the preoperative skin preparation to prevent the occurrence of surgical site infections in patients undergoing clean-contaminated elective surgeries. Methods Parallel, single-blind, pilot study of the randomized clinical trial (RCT), composed by forty-eight patients underwent clean-contaminated elective surgeries were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n=25, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated cloth) and the control group (n=23, pre-operative bathing with 2% liquid chlorhexidine gluconate). The primary outcome was surgical site infection within 30 days after surgery. The patients were instructed to use the products at the night before and at the morning of surgery and received verbal and written instruction on their use. The tests Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, Two Sample t-test, Pearson X2 and Fisher's exact tests, risk relative (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used. The level of significance for all variables was set at α = 5%. Results 48 patients analyzed, eight (16.7%) developed a surgical site infection. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the incidence of surgical site infection (RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.25-3.25; p=0.898), however there were not cases of superficial incisional surgical site infection in the intervention group. Conclusion The use of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated cloth for preoperative skin preparation did not reveal a statistically significant difference in the prevention of surgical site infection compared to the use of pre-operative bathing with 2% liquid chlorhexidine gluconate. Brazilian clinical trial registry: RBR-8httxs Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03813693

The Effect of Chlorhexidine on Bacterial Contamination of Hall Technique Elastomeric Orthodontic Separators and Gingival Health: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effect of chlorhexidine on elastomeric orthodontic separators (EOS) bacterial-colonisation and gingival-health in Hall technique (HT) patients. Material and Methods: Prospective in-vivo pilot clinical study of EOS bacterial colonisation and primary-molar gingival health assessment in 20 patients (mean age 5.45±1.27 years) requiring bilateral HT crowns (40 teeth). One side received 1-minute 0.12% chlorhexidine-soaked-EOSs (Chx-EOSs), and the other side dry-EOSs (NoChx-EOSs). The EOSs were removed five-days later and underwent a bacterial enumeration technique. Plaque (PI) and Gingival (GI) indices were assessed pre-, five-days and three-months post-treatment. Wilcoxon-Signed-Rank/McNemar-Chi-square statistics were used (p<0.05). Results: Baseline unused/packaged EOSs' sterility check yielded zero colony-forming-units (CFU) per millilitre, but 100% of the used EOSs became colonised by oral-microorganisms. An overall trend of lower mean CFU count in Chx-EOSs (3.415± 0.78 x105 CFU/ml) compared to NoChx-EOSs (6.157±1.48 x105 CFU/ml) was observed (p=0.009). Both NoChx-EOSs and Chx-EOSs insertion sites showed evidence of gingivitis with no difference between PI and GI indices by site over time. Conclusion: There was a lower trend of bacterial colonization in chlorhexidine treated EOSs and an occurrence of gingivitis pre/post HT-treatment regardless of EOS type. The lack of difference in the gingival health may be inconclusive due to this pilot's low power suggesting the need for robust large scale studies.

Detoxification of LTA by intracanal medication: analysis by macrophages proinflammatory cytokines production

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) on macrophages (RAW 264.7) to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide after pretreatment with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Enterococcus faecalis. Forty-eight human single-rooted teeth were instrumented with R25.08 (RECIPROC) and sterilized by gamma irradiation. LTA was inoculated in the root canal of each specimen for 96 hours. Specimens were instrumented with 40.06 and 50.05 (RECIPROC) and medicated with: I) Pyrogen-free saline solution (SS); II) 2% CHX gel; III) Ca(OH)2 + SS; or IV) Ca(OH)2 + CHX for 14 days. Three samples (S) were performed of the root canal of each specimen at: S1) immediately after instrumentation; S2) after Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); S3) after intracanal medication removal. Subsequent quantification of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1α, IP-10, G-CSF and IL-6) by immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nitric oxide by the Griess method was carried-out. Data were submitted to a normality test and then analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test with a significance level of 5% using GraphPad Prism 6. Ca(OH)2 + SS and Ca(OH)2 + CHX presented lower levels of TNF-α, TNF-α, IL-6, G-CSF and nitric oxide. Ca(OH)2 + SS was the most effective in reducing MIP-1α. CHX was effective in reducing IL-6 and G-CSF. Therefore, the combined intracanal medication of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine is effective in reducing the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, G-CSF and nitric oxide.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro o efeito do hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2], clorexidina gel a 2% (CHX) em macrófagos (RAW 264.7) na produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e óxido nítrico após pré-tratamento com ácido lipoteicóico (LTA) de Enterococcus faecalis. Quarenta e oito dentes humanos uniradiculares foram instrumentados com R25.08 (RECIPROC) e esterilizados por irradiação gama. LTA foi inoculado no canal radicular de cada espécime por 96 horas. Os espécimes foram instrumentados com 40.06 e 50.05 (RECIPROC) e medicados com: I) solução salina apirogênica (SS); II) CHX 2%; III) Ca(OH)2 + SS; ou IV) Ca(OH)2 + CHX durante 14 dias. Três amostras (S) foram realizadas do canal radicular de cada espécime em: S1) imediatamente após a instrumentação; S2) após ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA); S3) após a retirada da medicação intracanal. Foi realizada a quantificação subsequente de citocinas (IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1α, IP-10, G-CSF e IL-6) por imunoensaio (ELISA) e de óxido nítrico pelo método de Griess. Os dados foram submetidos a um teste de normalidade e então analisados com ANOVA one-way e teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5% usando GraphPad Prism 6. Ca(OH)2 + SS e Ca(OH)2 + CHX apresentaram níveis mais baixos de TNF -α, TNF-α, IL-6, G-CSF e óxido nítrico. Ca(OH)2 + SS foi o mais eficaz na redução de MIP-1α. CHX foi eficaz na redução de IL-6 e G-CSF. Sendo assim a associação de hidróxido de cálcio e clorexidina é eficaz na redução das citocinas TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, G-CSF e óxido nítrico.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Intracanal Medicaments againstCandida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis - An In-Vitro Study

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of certain intracanal medicaments against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: Freshly extracted 120 single rooted mandibular premolars were selected for the study. Teeth were decoronated and cleaning and shaping was done up to F3 universal protaper system and were divided mainly into two groups: Candida albicans (C. albicans) (n = 60) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) (n = 60). The medicaments include: G1: chlorhexidine + calcium hydroxide, G2: sodium hypochlorite + calcium hydroxide, G3: 2% chlorhexidine gel, G4: octenisept, G5: 0.1% octenisept solution + calcium hydroxide, and G6: physiologic saline (n = 5). Teeth were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans which were cultured, respectively, in brain heart infusion and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar for 21 days followed by intracanal medication and colony forming units were counted on the second and seventh day. Statistical analysis was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: Against C. albicans, CHX + CH, 2% CHX gel, 0.1% octenidine (OCT) gel and OCT + CH showed statistically significant differences on the 2 nd and 7 th day. But against Enterococcus faecalis, only 0.1% OCT gel and 2% CHX gel showed statistically significant differences on the 2 nd and 7 th day. Among all the groups, 0.1% OCT gel and 2% CHX gel showed predominant antimicrobial efficacy. Conclusion: From the limitations of the current study, all the medicaments showed antimicrobial effect against Candida albic

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of 10% povidone iodine gel with 2% metronidazole and 1% ornidazole with 0.25% chlorhexidine gel as local drug delivery system in adjunt to nonsurgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis: A randomized, single blind, split-mouth study

Background: Periodontitis is a multi-factorial chronic inflammatory disease of attachment apparatus of teeth with microorganisms playing a major role. To address periodontal disease various strategies have been adopted to target these periodonto-pathogens. Various antimicrobial drugs (systemic as well as local) are effectively used to control the disease. However due to various side effects ofsystemic administration of the drugs like gastro intestinal disturbances, development of resistant organisms, high dosage of the drug required, local delivery of the drug is a better option as the drug is directly delivered at the site of infection with minimum dosage and maximum response achieved thus eliminating all the undesired effects of the drug. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of 10% povidone iodine with 2% metronidazole and 1% ornidazole with 0.25% chlorhexidine gel as local delivery systems for the reduction in the pocket depth, changes in CAL, gingival inflammation. Materials and methods: A total of 20 patients diagnosed with mild- moderate chronic periodontitis were divided into two groups in a split-mouth study design - Group I and Group II with each group containing 20 sites with probing depth of >5 mm, CAL ?3 mm. In Group I, 10% povidine-iodine gel with 2% metronidazole was delivered inside the pocket and Group II, 1% ornidazole with 0.25% chlorhexidine was used as a local delivery system in adjunct to scaling and root planning. In both groups, medications were delivered at weekly interval for a period of 4 weeks. Baseline and 4 weeks measurements were done and compared for probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment levels (CAL) and gingival inflammation. Results: The results obtained were statistically analyzed. Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in terms of clinical parameters. However, there was statistically insignificant difference when compared between the two groups. The results clearly demonstrate that both povidone iodine with metronidazole and ornidazole with chlorhexidine are also useful in controlling the acute phase of the periodontal disease in adjunct to scaling and root planning (SRP). Conclusion: Both drugs when used as an adjunct to scaling and root planning enhances probing pocket depth reduction, change in clinical attachment levels and gingival inflammation in mild- moderate chronic periodontitis cases.

Influence of chlorhexidine 2% and sodium hypochlorite 5. 25% on micro-tensile bond strength of Universal adhesive system (G-Premio Bond)

Aim One of the reasons for the failure of adhesion in composite restorations and secondary caries may be the chemical irrigants used during the endodontic treatment. NaOCl is widely used for the biomechanical preparation of root canals due to its antimicrobial properties and capacity to dissolve organic material. In addition, another very effective decontamination solution is chlorhexidine 2%. There are few studies about the effect of root canal irrigation solutions on bond strength of universal adhesives therefore, in this study we have investigated the influence of CHX 2% and NaOCl 5.25% on micro-tensile bond strength of G-Premio Bond. Methods Twenty-four human teeth were randomly allocated to the following groups: G1, immersion in saline solution 0.9% for 30 minutes (control); G2, immersion in CHX 2% for 30 minutes; G3, immersion in NaOCl 5.25% for 30 minutes. After restoration, the dentin/resin interface was tested by micro-tensile bond strength. The surfaces morphology was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey test in SPSS software Version 24. Results There was a statistically significant difference between G3 and G1 (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences among G1 and G2, G2 and G3. Conclusion Root canal irrigation with NaOCl 5.25% significantly reduced the micro-tensile bond strength in the G-Premio Bond at self-etch mode, but the use of CHX did not make a significant difference.

Effectiveness of Different Concentrations of Chlorhexidine and Metronidazole Gels in the Management of Gingivitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Management of gingivitis is commonly done by the removal of etiological agents by Periodontist. However, use of topical applications of antibiotic combinations has been shown to improve the treatment outcome. Various drugs alone or in combination have been used. So this study was conducted to determine the effect of different concentrations of combination drugs on gingivitis.Material & Methods:100 patients of gingivitis were divided into two groups of 50 each – Group-A and Group-B. After scaling and root planing, Group-A patients were made to apply Metronidazole 1% and Chlorhexidine 0.25% for period of 12 weeks while as Group-B patients applied Metronidazole 1.5% and Chlorhexidine 0.50% for 12 weeks. Baseline scores of gingival index and bleeding index were recorded followed by readings at 4 and 12 weeks.Results:Results showed that there was a significant improvement in gingivitis and bleeding on probing at 4 and 12 weeks after local application of Metronidazole and Chlorhexidine gel in both the groups. However there were no statistically significant differences between two groups.Conclusions:Topical application of Metronidazole and Chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing is an effective treatment modality for the management of gingivitis and the concentrations of the combination do not have any significant effect on the treatment.

Comparação da propriedade antimicrobiana da clorexidina e do hipoclorito de sódio como irrigantes endodônticos: revisão integrativa / Comparison between the antimicrobial properties of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite as endodontic irrigants: an integrative review / Comparación de la propiedad antimicrobiana de la clorhexidina y el hipoclorito de sodio como irrigantes endodónticos: revisión integradora

Introdução:Durante o tratamento endodôntico, devido às complexidades anatômicas dos canais radiculares, a ação mecânica dos instrumentos não é suficiente para a completa desinfecção dos condutos. Dessa forma, se faz necessário o uso de soluções irrigadoras que possampotencializar a desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares. Objetivo:Realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura para comparar as propriedades antimicrobianas da clorexidina com o hipoclorito de sódio.Metodologia:A busca na literatura foi realizada no período de setembro de 2019 a agosto de 2021, nas seguintes bases de dados: PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS e SCIELO. Utilizando os descritores: clorexidina, hipoclorito de sódio, irrigante do canal radicular e limpeza. Utilizou-se como critérios de busca, trabalhos experimentais laboratoriais in vitro, publicados entre os anos de 2017 e 2021.Resultados:Foram encontrados 165 artigos, dos quais 15 foram selecionados ao final do processo. 8 trabalhos não encontraram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a clorexidina e o hipoclorito,5 artigos apresentaram resultados superiores dohipoclorito de sódioem 2 a clorexidina foi superior. Conclusões:Após análise da literatura, observamos semelhança entre a ação antimicrobiana do hipoclorito de sódioe da clorexidina, e podemos concluir que ambas apresentam boa ação antimicrobiana, justificando seu uso clinicamente (AU).

Introduction:During endodontic treatment, due to the anatomical complexities of the root canals, the mechanical action of the instruments is not sufficient for the complete disinfection of the canals. Thus, it is necessary to use irrigating solutions that can makethe disinfection of the root canal system.Objective:Conduct an integrative literature review to compare the antimicrobial properties of chlorhexidine with sodium hypochlorite.Methodology:The literature search was carried out from September 2019 to August 2021, in the following databases: PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS and SCIELO. Using the descriptors: chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, root canal irrigant and cleaning. As search criteria, in vitro laboratory experimental works published between 2017 and 2021 were used.Results:A total of 165 articles were found, of which 15 were selected at the end of the process. 8 studies did not find a statistically significant difference between chlorhexidine and hypochlorite, 5 articles showed superior results for NaOCl and in 2 chlorhexidine was superior.Conclusions:After analyzing the literature, we observed a similarity between the antimicrobial action of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine, and we can conclude that both have good antimicrobial action, justifying their clinical use (AU).

Introducción:Durante el tratamiento endodóntico, debido a las complexidades anatómicas de los conductos radiculares, la acción mecánica de los instrumentos no es suficiente para la desinfección completa de los conductos. Por lo tanto, es necesario utilizar soluciones de irrigación que puedan mejorar la desinfección del sistema de conductos radiculares.Objetivo: Realice una revisión integradora de la literatura para comparar las propiedades antimicrobianas de la clorhexidina con el hipoclorito de sodio.Metodología: La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó desde septiembre de 2019 hasta agosto de 2021, en las siguientes bases de datos: PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS y SCIELO. Usando los descriptores: chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, root canal irrigant and cleaning. Como criterio de búsqueda se utilizaron trabajos experimentales de laboratorio in vitro publicados entre 2017 y 2021.Resultados: Se encontraron un total de 165 artículos, de los cuales 15 fueron seleccionados al final del proceso. 8 estudios no encontraron diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre clorhexidinae hipoclorito, 5 artículos mostraron resultados superiores para NaOCl y en 2 la clorhexidina fue superior.Conclusiones: Después de analizar la literatura, observamos una similitud entre la acción antimicrobiana del hipoclorito de sodio y la clorhexidina,y podemos concluir que ambos tienen una buena acción antimicrobiana, lo que justifica su uso clínico (AU).

Use of Chlorhexidine Bioadhesive Gel to Reduce Infection and Discomfort in Alveolar Bone Graft Wound: A Randomized Pilot Study

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to analyze the inflammation index, edema, bacterial plaque presence and postoperative discomfort, with the use of chlorhexidine gel. This is a randomized double-blinded pilot study, with 21 unilateral cleft lip and palate individuals, randomized into 2 groups: Test Group (TG), with 7 individuals who used 0.2 % chlorhexidine bioadhesive gel in the surgical wound after the bone graft; and Control Group (CG) with 14 individuals who used a placebo gel as the same way. The gel was applied on the surgical wound suture after alveolar bone graft. The evaluation criteria of the gel application effectiveness were the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain control and/or discomfor t and clinical evaluation of inflammatory condition and/or wound infection. The study showed promising results for postoperativel y use of the chlorhexidine gel, although there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el índice de inflamación, edema, presencia de placa bacteriana y molestias postoperatorias, con el uso del gel de clorhexidina. Se trata de un estudio piloto aleatorizado, doble ciego, con 21 individuos con fisura labial y palatina unilateral, aleatorizados en 2 grupos: Grupo Test (GT), con 7 individuos que utilizaron gel bioadhesivo de clorhexidina al 0,2 % en la herida quirúrgica posterior al injerto óseo; y Grupo Control (GC) con 14 individuos que usaron un gel placebo de la misma forma. El gel se aplicó sobre la sutura de la herida quirúrgica después del injerto óseo alveolar. Los criterios de evaluación de la efectividad de la aplicación del gel fueron la escala analógica visual (EVA) para el control del dolor y/o malestar y la evaluación clínica del estado inflamatorio y/o infección de la herida. El estudio mostró resultados positivos para el uso posoperatorio del gel de clorhexidina, aunque no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos.